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If you're watching Stargate Universe & unfamiliar with the stargate "universe", you can become familiar via a timeline/history. However, knowing that information is optional, since the writers/producers of SGU were very effective at initiating the new TV series in a way that welcomes newcomers as well as previous Stargate viewers.
The order of Stargate movie/TV productions is:
Stargate (the original 1994 movie)
Stargate SG-1 (1997-2007 TV series)
Stargate: The Ark of Truth (2008 DVD movie)
Stargate: Continuum (2008 DVD movie)
Stargate Atlantis (2004-2009 TV series)
This timeline has a few small spoilers to those shows/movies.
There are no SGU spoilers in this timeline.
The best timeline we have so far is that of the Ancients, highly evolved humans who originally lived over 50 million years ago. They were not called Ancients at the time. They used to be called Alterans and Ori, though the Ori are not associated with the Alterans/Ancients. The Alterans and Ori were two opposing factions of the same human race. Millions of years later the Alterans were called Lantians (or Lanteans). They eventually evolved enough that they could ascend to a higher plane of existence, and would eventually be known as "The Others". However, they are ultimately known as the Ancients.
Here is a condensed timeline of the stargate universe:
Over 50,000,000 years ago:
In a distant galaxy, which we currently call the Ori galaxy, a human race evolved in a fashion similar to the humans of Earth.
They became more advanced technologically than present day Earth, including capabilities like long-term space travel over great distances.
They began genetically accelerating their process of evolution so that they may one day achieve enlightenment as the ability to Ascend.
50,000,000 years ago:
They divided into two opposing factions. One group took a more scientific perspective, they are known as the Alterans. The other group took a more religious perspective, they are known as the Ori (short for Origin, the name of their religion).
The two groups were at conflict. The Ori were far greater in numbers than the Alterans, so the Alterans were forced into leaving if they were to remain both free and alive.
This is also when a scientist of the Alterans, named Amelius, came up with the ideas for a stargate (called "Astria Porta" in Ancient) and for a stargate network, though his ideas were nothing more than sketches in a notebook at that time.
When the Alterans left their home world (via spaceship), avoiding the pious grip of the Ori, they didn't only leave the planet but they eventually left both that solar system and that galaxy.
The Alterans traveled through space for thousands of years before finally finding a "belt of stars", our Milky Way Galaxy, and they called our galaxy "Avalon".
After moving to this galaxy, they built the first stargate network. The first known stargate was built on Earth (they called our planet "Terra"),
This marks the beginning of their populating and exploring our galaxy.
30,000,000 years ago:
The Alterans continued to populate and explore our galaxy.
Around this time they created multiple Ancient "Repository of Knowledge" devices, which store all-things-Ancient.
Across the galaxies, the "Alliance of Four Great Races" was formed - consisting of the Ancients, Nox, Asgard, & Furlings. (This occurred several million years ago, there is currently not a more specific designation of its occurrence.)
They also built the city-ships, including "Atlantis", which was originally located in Antarctica on Earth (on "Terra").
They established an Ancient Outpost, which city-ships (like Atlantis) connect to. Outposts were built on worlds throughout our galaxy, including these worlds - Praclarush Taonas, Taoth Vaclarush, Valos Cor, Verus Gen Bree, Vis Uban - among others.
A highly advanced weapon, called a "drone", was initially created at this time. Several drones could be fired from a ship or outpost, collectively capable of mass destruction.
Between 5,000,000 and 10,000,000 years ago:
The Alterans (of our Milky Way (Avalon) galaxy) and the Ori (of the Ori galaxy) were both achieving further developments within their separate civilizations.
Multiple DNA Manipulation Devices are known to have existed in our galaxy, created initially for the purpose of eventually achieving Ascension. (The Ori were also working on achieving their own form of ascension in their galaxy.)
The Alterans were working on their greatest achievement on the planet Vis Uban, which is also the location of the last established stargate address in our galaxy. They referred to that planet as "Place of Great Power" and "Place of Our Legacy".
However, they would soon be faced with a horrible event that would spread across our galaxy, so they had to abandon the project.
Our galaxy was hit with a plague. This plague was initiated by the Ori. Many Alterans (Ancients) died.
The others from the Ancient-based human population - who didn't die from the plague - ended up either achieving Ascension, or placing themselves in stasis, or leaving our galaxy via intergalactic space travel (ship or gate).
One woman who stayed behind during the plague, her name was Ayiana, remained on Earth, and was found in present day buried and frozen in the ice of Antarctica. She was infected by the plague, it had no effect on her, though she still carried it and present day humans could get it. She healed them, demonstrating the ability to heal at the touch, though at a cost - she sacrificed herself to save them.
(Side note: the actress who plays Col. Young's wife back on Earth, in Stargate Universe, is the same actress who played Ayiana in both Stargate SG-1 and Stargate Atlantis.)
This is also the time when these humans (Alterans/Ancients/etc.) attempted to create a time machine so they could undo the tragedy of the plague, though they were not successful as the time device did not fully operate as they had hoped. The device can be found as a platform-type object on one of the planets in our galaxy.
Before some of the Alterans/Ancients ascended, they left behind the "Clava Thessara Infinitas", a storage of vast wealth and weapons.
This is the time that both factions of the original-known humans (Alterans and Ori) created a second or otherwise new generation of humans within three galaxies.
It's important to note that although the Ancients left the Milky Way (Avalon) galaxy to live in the Pegasus galaxy, a number of their population eventually returned to the Milky Way.
New life in the Ori galaxy:
Around this time the Ori had either started ascending or completely achieved ascension - albeit in a different way than the Ancients - and they created a second generation of human life in their galaxy. This is when the Ori either created or added to a possibly pre-existing "Book of Origin" (their bible).
The Ori gained more power as more people worshiped them. Part of their Origin taught that the Alterans/Ancients were evil (although the Ancients are in fact good).
On one of the worlds of the Ori galaxy, the Ori built their capital city, "Celestis" ("City of the Gods"), located on the plains near "Ortus Mallum", which is a mountaintop that their Alteran counterparts lived until they left that galaxy.
The city of Celestis was where men were trained as Priors, a process where the Ori would grant some of the powers. It was also the location of the ascended Ori.
Both Priors and unbelievers searched the ruins of Ortus Mallum for many years. Priors destroyed any pre-Origin artifacts to protect the Ori. Unbelievers salvaged such artifacts to collect evidence to discredit Origin.
(The Ori were very technologically advanced, like the Ancients, including their own "ring transporters", similar to the ones used in other galaxies by the Ancients.)
New life in the Pegasus galaxy:
Some of the Alterans/Ancients who left the Milky Way at the time of the plague left on the Atlantis city-ship left Earth to begin anew on a planet they called "Lantia" within the Pegasus galaxy. This is when the Alterans came to be know as Lantians.
The Ancients - aka Alterans, aka Lantians - in the Pegasus galaxy "seeded" that galaxy with human life, though they accidentally created the "Wraith" (alien race) in the process as some of the life they created consisted of blending the DNA of an "iratus bug" with humans. The Wraith would turn out to be great enemies of the Lantians.
The Lantians continued to advance technologically, including establishing a second version of the drone weapons that were originally created in the Milky Way (Avalon) galaxy. They built great cities in the Pegasus galaxy, including one on the planet Athos, as well as research facilities across that galaxy. They experimented with a third version of the drones, called "mini-drones". They also continued their research on accelerating evolution to achieve Ascension.
The original Ancients of the Milky Way and the Ancients of Pegasus were different from each other in a very critical way. While the Ascended practiced "non-interference" with the human life that they "seeded", those of Atlantis (non-ascended) chose to interact with their human creation in quite a scientific fashion. One specific example involves a "sociological experiment" where they seeded planets with humans, "linked" to them via technology, and instructed them on building societies. A location within the Atlantis city-ship served as a control center for communicating with those worlds. The seeded people of those worlds, in turn, treated Atlantis as their oracle and deity for guidance in all things.
New life in our Milky Way (Avalon) galaxy:
The Ancients created a device on the planet Dakara to "seed" our galaxy with new life, though it was likely applied only to Earth via the stargate as it is believed our generation/version of human life evolved first on Earth and would eventually - far in the future - spread across our galaxy by the Goa'uld via spaceships and stargates.
Although the Ancient device on Dakara was capable of creating life it was also capable of destroying life and could be "programmed" to only create or destroy a specific kind of life form.
At this time the others (Ancients) in our galaxy who achieved Ascension came to be known as "The Others". They used their power to shield the Milky Way (Avalon) and Pegasus galaxies, thus blinding the Ori from discovering that new life existed.
1,000,000 years ago:
Milky Way (Avalon) galaxy:
This is around the time that the Praclarush Taonas sun started changing into a red giant - the Ancients had abandoned the planet long ago when they discovered the sun's lifespan. The Outpost remained intact.
While some of the abandoned Ancient settlements continued to decay and were eventually lost, other Ancient settlements were taken over by various aliens/forms of life.
Varieties of alien life present in our galaxy:
Microscopic organisms - an advanced alien race that retreated into an orb when their world could no longer sustain life. They would be discovered a million years later by O'Neill's SG-1 team.
Crystalline entities - another unique alien race, these blue crystal-like lifeforms thrived on a yellow-sand desert planet. (Similar lifeforms lived on a planet in the Pegasus galaxy.)
Sentient liquid lifeforms - consumed a planet that once had human life; the ruins of the world are now completely underwater.
Energy lifeforms - consumed another planet that once had human life; these energy-type aliens (almost like living electricity) took over the Ancient technology that remained.
Firefly-type energy lifeforms - thrived on the moon of another planet. (Similar lifeforms lived on a planet in the Pegasus galaxy.)
Amphibious humanoids - a technologically advanced race, they once lived on the planet Oannes, they had also once lived on Earth.
Goa'uld symbiotes and Unas - the symbiotes being snake-like creatures that inhabit other bodies, the Unas being humanoid-like beings; the Unas were the first humanoid-type life that the Goa'uld symbiotes took as "hosts" and while in control of the Unas' bodies the Goa'uld would eventually travel through stargates and in spaceships.
(Many, many years later, the Goa'uld "System Lord" named Ra discovered that taking humans as hosts proved more worthwhile, which eventually led to the premise of the original Stargate movie. However, it's important to note that what is canon in Stargate history is not exactly the same between the 1994 movie and the three TV series that followed. Originally - in the movie - the Goa'uld were humanoid lifeforms that took human bodies as hosts.)
