HPPD er ikke linket til psykedelika, jamfør Pål Ørjan Johannesen og Teri S.Krebs sin forskning.
HPPD har større prevalens blant folk som ikke har brukt psykedelika enn motsatt.
Dette er en gammel myte. Mennesker med angst/depresjon har tendens til å få HPPD. Det blir sett på som psykosomatisk.
“Flashbacks” and Perceptual Phenomena
In this study, lifetime use of psychedelics and past year use of LSD was not associated with past year symptoms of visual phenomena (“seeing something others could not”), panic attacks, psychosis, or overall serious psychological distress. Thus, our findings does not support either the idea of “flashbacks” described in extreme cases as recurrent psychotic episodes, hallucinations, or panic attacks, or the more recent “hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder” (HPPD) described as persistent visual phenomena with accompanying anxiety and distress. All of the purported symptoms of HPPD are also present in people who have never used psychedelics [42], [43]. Occasional visual phenomena are common in the general population [44], [45], especially among people with anxiety disorders [46]. Recent randomized controlled trials with psilocybin do not report any cases of “flashbacks” or persistent visual phenomena [8], [9], [20]. Interviews with over 500 regular participants in Native American peyote ceremonies did not identify anyone with “flashbacks” or persistent visual symptoms [37]. Interviews with 120 adults in the US complaining of persistent visual symptoms found that only 5% had ever used LSD (in comparison, over 10% of the general US adult population has used LSD [4]) and there did not seem to be any relationship between drug use and visual symptoms [47]. Only two small studies have reported higher rates of visual symptoms in LSD users compared to non-users [42], [43]. Both studies had serious methodological problems: participants in both studies were psychiatric inpatients who knew that the purpose of the studies was to document harms from LSD; the LSD group and the control groups were not matched on other drug use or psychiatric diagnosis; and in the first study several of the people included in the LSD group were later found to have epilepsy, panic, anxiety, affective disorder, or temporoparietal abnormalities that may be related to visual symptoms [48]. In case reports of “flashbacks” or HPPD, symptom onset is often weeks, even years, after last psychedelic use, and a causal relationship between persistent perceptual symptoms and use of psychedelics remains unproven. Overall, the validity of the HPPD diagnosis remains scant. HPPD appears to fit within the somatic symptom disorders [49]. In an illustrative case example, a young man was diagnosed with HPPD by the originator of the diagnosis; symptoms began in conjunction with major life changes and several weeks after taking LSD; on initial consultation with physicians, he was told that his vision was fine and somatization disorder was implied; he improved after psychotherapy for his depression and worries, and reassurance that his visual experiences were ordinary perceptual phenomena that most people ignore [50].
hele studien:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/art...l.pone.0063972
HPPD er ikke linket til psykedelika, jamfør Pål Ørjan Johannesen og Teri S.Krebs sin forskning.
HPPD har større prevalens blant folk som ikke har brukt psykedelika enn motsatt.
Dette er en gammel myte. Mennesker med angst/depresjon har tendens til å få HPPD. Det blir sett på som psykosomatisk.
“Flashbacks” and Perceptual Phenomena
In this study, lifetime use of psychedelics and past year use of LSD was not associated with past year symptoms of visual phenomena (“seeing something others could not”), panic attacks, psychosis, or overall serious psychological distress. Thus, our findings does not support either the idea of “flashbacks” described in extreme cases as recurrent psychotic episodes, hallucinations, or panic attacks, or the more recent “hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder” (HPPD) described as persistent visual phenomena with accompanying anxiety and distress. All of the purported symptoms of HPPD are also present in people who have never used psychedelics [42], [43]. Occasional visual phenomena are common in the general population [44], [45], especially among people with anxiety disorders [46]. Recent randomized controlled trials with psilocybin do not report any cases of “flashbacks” or persistent visual phenomena [8], [9], [20]. Interviews with over 500 regular participants in Native American peyote ceremonies did not identify anyone with “flashbacks” or persistent visual symptoms [37]. Interviews with 120 adults in the US complaining of persistent visual symptoms found that only 5% had ever used LSD (in comparison, over 10% of the general US adult population has used LSD [4]) and there did not seem to be any relationship between drug use and visual symptoms [47]. Only two small studies have reported higher rates of visual symptoms in LSD users compared to non-users [42], [43]. Both studies had serious methodological problems: participants in both studies were psychiatric inpatients who knew that the purpose of the studies was to document harms from LSD; the LSD group and the control groups were not matched on other drug use or psychiatric diagnosis; and in the first study several of the people included in the LSD group were later found to have epilepsy, panic, anxiety, affective disorder, or temporoparietal abnormalities that may be related to visual symptoms [48]. In case reports of “flashbacks” or HPPD, symptom onset is often weeks, even years, after last psychedelic use, and a causal relationship between persistent perceptual symptoms and use of psychedelics remains unproven. Overall, the validity of the HPPD diagnosis remains scant. HPPD appears to fit within the somatic symptom disorders [49]. In an illustrative case example, a young man was diagnosed with HPPD by the originator of the diagnosis; symptoms began in conjunction with major life changes and several weeks after taking LSD; on initial consultation with physicians, he was told that his vision was fine and somatization disorder was implied; he improved after psychotherapy for his depression and worries, and reassurance that his visual experiences were ordinary perceptual phenomena that most people ignore [50].
hele studien:
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/art...l.pone.0063972
Sist endret av mektignatur; 31. januar 2015 kl. 00:53.
Grunn: Automatisk sammenslåing med etterfølgende innlegg.